Block #2,682,080

TWNLength 11★★★☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 5/28/2018, 9:02:05 PM · Difficulty 11.6913 · 4,148,950 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
88ef67d9dd1401a9b5b31e12e3c1141ffb22d28f49330a92771ba0f021da0ebc

Height

#2,682,080

Difficulty

11.691306

Transactions

7

Size

4.00 KB

Version

2

Bits

0bb0f971

Nonce

1,374,740,120

Timestamp

5/28/2018, 9:02:05 PM

Confirmations

4,148,950

Merkle Root

9f08ef8242da67bf35b76091bd069f524c50a332495606cbeddb127f6a3701f2
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.462 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
14625993728946976908…16674604014750760959
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.462 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
14625993728946976908…16674604014750760959
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.462 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
14625993728946976908…16674604014750760961
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
2.925 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
29251987457893953816…33349208029501521919
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
2.925 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
29251987457893953816…33349208029501521921
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
5.850 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
58503974915787907632…66698416059003043839
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
5.850 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
58503974915787907632…66698416059003043841
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.170 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
11700794983157581526…33396832118006087679
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.170 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
11700794983157581526…33396832118006087681
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
2.340 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
23401589966315163052…66793664236012175359
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
2.340 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
23401589966315163052…66793664236012175361
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 5 — Twin Prime Pair (2^5 × origin ± 1)
2^5 × origin − 1
4.680 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
46803179932630326105…33587328472024350719
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 11 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★★☆☆
Rarity
RareChain length 11

Approximately 1 in 1,000 blocks. Noteworthy discoveries.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,892,375 XPM·at block #6,831,029 · updates every 60s
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