Block #857,915

TWNLength 11★★★☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/18/2014, 4:59:35 AM · Difficulty 10.9673 · 5,958,745 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
3fa4e426b0d12cb4740ef7757c85075835d5983c66ec0663db912f0ddde78b37

Height

#857,915

Difficulty

10.967258

Transactions

9

Size

2.33 KB

Version

2

Bits

0af79e32

Nonce

1,650,829,398

Timestamp

12/18/2014, 4:59:35 AM

Confirmations

5,958,745

Merkle Root

5b6ecbc2719f65dd2e0b7a1ba737dd3f402fdc02425f2c5f6aff2e47d34917ba
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.433 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
14336092063002365667…58333298206833868799
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.433 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
14336092063002365667…58333298206833868799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.433 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
14336092063002365667…58333298206833868801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
2.867 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
28672184126004731334…16666596413667737599
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
2.867 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
28672184126004731334…16666596413667737601
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
5.734 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
57344368252009462669…33333192827335475199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
5.734 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
57344368252009462669…33333192827335475201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.146 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
11468873650401892533…66666385654670950399
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.146 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
11468873650401892533…66666385654670950401
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
2.293 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
22937747300803785067…33332771309341900799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
2.293 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
22937747300803785067…33332771309341900801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 5 — Twin Prime Pair (2^5 × origin ± 1)
2^5 × origin − 1
4.587 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
45875494601607570135…66665542618683801599
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 11 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★★☆☆
Rarity
RareChain length 11

Approximately 1 in 1,000 blocks. Noteworthy discoveries.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,777,398 XPM·at block #6,816,659 · updates every 60s
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