Block #516,749

2CCLength 12★★★★☆

Cunningham Chain of the Second Kind · Discovered 4/29/2014, 12:57:25 PM · Difficulty 10.8488 · 6,301,125 confirmations

2CC
Cunningham Chain of the Second Kind

A sequence where each prime is double the previous prime minus one.

Block Header
Block Hash
aab32f650cfc1a3577cadfaef407594349275cb89ed5a4c35be9fa66485d970c

Height

#516,749

Difficulty

10.848783

Transactions

1

Size

698 B

Version

2

Bits

0ad949d8

Nonce

91,142

Timestamp

4/29/2014, 12:57:25 PM

Confirmations

6,301,125

Merkle Root

c2b67f7ed5d2a0ee96c14f8fae3ade8fd31b477768b45a5f078cff890873d285
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.722 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
17225672420140489547…04402974788784463221
Discovered Prime Numbers
p_k = 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

1
origin + 1
1.722 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
17225672420140489547…04402974788784463221
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
2
2^1 × origin + 1
3.445 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
34451344840280979095…08805949577568926441
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
3
2^2 × origin + 1
6.890 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
68902689680561958191…17611899155137852881
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
4
2^3 × origin + 1
1.378 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
13780537936112391638…35223798310275705761
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
5
2^4 × origin + 1
2.756 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
27561075872224783276…70447596620551411521
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
6
2^5 × origin + 1
5.512 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
55122151744449566553…40895193241102823041
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
7
2^6 × origin + 1
1.102 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
11024430348889913310…81790386482205646081
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
8
2^7 × origin + 1
2.204 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
22048860697779826621…63580772964411292161
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
9
2^8 × origin + 1
4.409 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
44097721395559653242…27161545928822584321
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
10
2^9 × origin + 1
8.819 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
88195442791119306485…54323091857645168641
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
11
2^10 × origin + 1
1.763 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
17639088558223861297…08646183715290337281
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
12
2^11 × origin + 1
3.527 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
35278177116447722594…17292367430580674561
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 12 consecutive prime numbers forming a Cunningham Chain of the Second Kind. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★★★☆
Rarity
ExceptionalChain length 12

Around 1 in 10,000 blocks. A significant mathematical achievement.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the 2CC formula:

2CC: p₁ (first prime), p₂ = 2p₁ − 1, p₃ = 2p₂ − 1, …
Circulating Supply:57,787,051 XPM·at block #6,817,873 · updates every 60s
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