Block #335,412

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/30/2013, 5:10:30 AM · Difficulty 10.1515 · 6,481,073 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
23d626c495c40691fb3bf2cec0413d4c055f712ebdb08fbaa0343eeacf16ec81

Height

#335,412

Difficulty

10.151519

Transactions

32

Size

9.07 KB

Version

2

Bits

0a26c9ee

Nonce

63,930

Timestamp

12/30/2013, 5:10:30 AM

Confirmations

6,481,073

Merkle Root

0de5809f1d4863e3e58717f15690637c06d79d9c06db2646d59ee8e179f20548
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

4.936 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
49368330507868704386…60911792388505964159
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
4.936 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
49368330507868704386…60911792388505964159
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
4.936 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
49368330507868704386…60911792388505964161
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
9.873 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
98736661015737408773…21823584777011928319
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
9.873 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
98736661015737408773…21823584777011928321
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
1.974 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
19747332203147481754…43647169554023856639
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
1.974 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
19747332203147481754…43647169554023856641
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
3.949 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
39494664406294963509…87294339108047713279
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
3.949 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
39494664406294963509…87294339108047713281
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
7.898 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
78989328812589927018…74588678216095426559
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
7.898 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
78989328812589927018…74588678216095426561
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,776,007 XPM·at block #6,816,484 · updates every 60s
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