Block #334,921

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/29/2013, 8:05:53 PM · Difficulty 10.1601 · 6,467,674 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
c16aa3373bbea0ea9a3735fe4439b344ad88008f93727277ac6f05da7a0ff17d

Height

#334,921

Difficulty

10.160077

Transactions

12

Size

9.91 KB

Version

2

Bits

0a28fac8

Nonce

22,068

Timestamp

12/29/2013, 8:05:53 PM

Confirmations

6,467,674

Merkle Root

67c8aecd6c37db29a3628c146a4e09d840bdc1c6032d93e0542f998599a0b4f3
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

2.319 × 10¹⁰⁴(105-digit number)
23192723925878052364…91609586035760066799
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
2.319 × 10¹⁰⁴(105-digit number)
23192723925878052364…91609586035760066799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
2.319 × 10¹⁰⁴(105-digit number)
23192723925878052364…91609586035760066801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
4.638 × 10¹⁰⁴(105-digit number)
46385447851756104728…83219172071520133599
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
4.638 × 10¹⁰⁴(105-digit number)
46385447851756104728…83219172071520133601
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
9.277 × 10¹⁰⁴(105-digit number)
92770895703512209457…66438344143040267199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
9.277 × 10¹⁰⁴(105-digit number)
92770895703512209457…66438344143040267201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.855 × 10¹⁰⁵(106-digit number)
18554179140702441891…32876688286080534399
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.855 × 10¹⁰⁵(106-digit number)
18554179140702441891…32876688286080534401
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
3.710 × 10¹⁰⁵(106-digit number)
37108358281404883783…65753376572161068799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
3.710 × 10¹⁰⁵(106-digit number)
37108358281404883783…65753376572161068801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,664,777 XPM·at block #6,802,594 · updates every 60s
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