Block #3,268,241

TWNLength 11★★★☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 7/15/2019, 4:28:01 PM · Difficulty 10.9957 · 3,558,483 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
f2fad7c8376951f8ef6e55a60856f382d1be5c12f4da3900b12e73be669226b1

Height

#3,268,241

Difficulty

10.995747

Transactions

6

Size

2.23 KB

Version

2

Bits

0afee948

Nonce

187,498,527

Timestamp

7/15/2019, 4:28:01 PM

Confirmations

3,558,483

Merkle Root

5836403607934716511a25b6ee2c0649980a9d7eb51c1791602fc653156d6340
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

5.135 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
51358083634021567306…13637016050691758079
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
5.135 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
51358083634021567306…13637016050691758079
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
5.135 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
51358083634021567306…13637016050691758081
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.027 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
10271616726804313461…27274032101383516159
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.027 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
10271616726804313461…27274032101383516161
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
2.054 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
20543233453608626922…54548064202767032319
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
2.054 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
20543233453608626922…54548064202767032321
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
4.108 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
41086466907217253845…09096128405534064639
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
4.108 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
41086466907217253845…09096128405534064641
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
8.217 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
82172933814434507690…18192256811068129279
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
8.217 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
82172933814434507690…18192256811068129281
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 5 — Twin Prime Pair (2^5 × origin ± 1)
2^5 × origin − 1
1.643 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
16434586762886901538…36384513622136258559
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 11 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★★☆☆
Rarity
RareChain length 11

Approximately 1 in 1,000 blocks. Noteworthy discoveries.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,857,946 XPM·at block #6,826,723 · updates every 60s
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