Block #325,715

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/23/2013, 6:48:01 AM · Difficulty 10.1951 · 6,483,939 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
53d10e2fb1126e166b880a43ed353824d33bfe98153a166a5f30082af1973936

Height

#325,715

Difficulty

10.195136

Transactions

7

Size

2.29 KB

Version

2

Bits

0a31f477

Nonce

221,398

Timestamp

12/23/2013, 6:48:01 AM

Confirmations

6,483,939

Merkle Root

2e0ce88422b3d6a502ccc2ceef0108df2cf2e4d8caa8a522bfbc7762e1abfa1f
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

3.077 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
30773092490533496746…31020650506600334519
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
3.077 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
30773092490533496746…31020650506600334519
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
3.077 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
30773092490533496746…31020650506600334521
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
6.154 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
61546184981066993493…62041301013200669039
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
6.154 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
61546184981066993493…62041301013200669041
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
1.230 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
12309236996213398698…24082602026401338079
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
1.230 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
12309236996213398698…24082602026401338081
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
2.461 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
24618473992426797397…48165204052802676159
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
2.461 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
24618473992426797397…48165204052802676161
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
4.923 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
49236947984853594794…96330408105605352319
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
4.923 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
49236947984853594794…96330408105605352321
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,721,313 XPM·at block #6,809,653 · updates every 60s
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