Block #325,101

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/22/2013, 7:15:31 PM · Difficulty 10.2073 · 6,470,567 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
ce09df7a534aa18ff7a89ea2e70687c1519ee3c5ae71e684b5cc3aa91704e1d9

Height

#325,101

Difficulty

10.207288

Transactions

10

Size

2.93 KB

Version

2

Bits

0a3510cc

Nonce

29,091

Timestamp

12/22/2013, 7:15:31 PM

Confirmations

6,470,567

Merkle Root

7c01f654dd7104d90e8c1239c0bfab84a2949e075904f3cf1f3fd44c96d13498
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

2.672 × 10¹⁰²(103-digit number)
26723774583564683707…89283308783376087039
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
2.672 × 10¹⁰²(103-digit number)
26723774583564683707…89283308783376087039
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
2.672 × 10¹⁰²(103-digit number)
26723774583564683707…89283308783376087041
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
5.344 × 10¹⁰²(103-digit number)
53447549167129367415…78566617566752174079
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
5.344 × 10¹⁰²(103-digit number)
53447549167129367415…78566617566752174081
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
1.068 × 10¹⁰³(104-digit number)
10689509833425873483…57133235133504348159
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
1.068 × 10¹⁰³(104-digit number)
10689509833425873483…57133235133504348161
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
2.137 × 10¹⁰³(104-digit number)
21379019666851746966…14266470267008696319
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
2.137 × 10¹⁰³(104-digit number)
21379019666851746966…14266470267008696321
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
4.275 × 10¹⁰³(104-digit number)
42758039333703493932…28532940534017392639
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
4.275 × 10¹⁰³(104-digit number)
42758039333703493932…28532940534017392641
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,609,410 XPM·at block #6,795,667 · updates every 60s
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