Block #322,047

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/20/2013, 5:12:01 PM · Difficulty 10.1987 · 6,484,415 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
8aa3dd73c89b525cf20e22d93c3752bf6d0f610655e8b688c94e3678059ef60c

Height

#322,047

Difficulty

10.198722

Transactions

14

Size

6.97 KB

Version

2

Bits

0a32df6c

Nonce

200,930

Timestamp

12/20/2013, 5:12:01 PM

Confirmations

6,484,415

Merkle Root

830597ecf3ee8bc11d44c46a2e0c670db1822573189db4e19b50df956e75ad74
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

3.324 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
33246579298827832536…72225046437543383999
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
3.324 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
33246579298827832536…72225046437543383999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
3.324 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
33246579298827832536…72225046437543384001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
6.649 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
66493158597655665073…44450092875086767999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
6.649 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
66493158597655665073…44450092875086768001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
1.329 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
13298631719531133014…88900185750173535999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
1.329 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
13298631719531133014…88900185750173536001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
2.659 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
26597263439062266029…77800371500347071999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
2.659 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
26597263439062266029…77800371500347072001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
5.319 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
53194526878124532058…55600743000694143999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
5.319 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
53194526878124532058…55600743000694144001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,695,788 XPM·at block #6,806,461 · updates every 60s
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