Block #315,843

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/16/2013, 5:52:56 PM · Difficulty 10.1152 · 6,491,500 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
45ddf9cde181a187e77d1a02f233d39524e69046ab043db3261edfa2cf0b73b3

Height

#315,843

Difficulty

10.115194

Transactions

8

Size

26.05 KB

Version

2

Bits

0a1d7d5a

Nonce

23,860

Timestamp

12/16/2013, 5:52:56 PM

Confirmations

6,491,500

Merkle Root

563a449c5d42b7a7ac6461f1994cc0f7572ac7ee5aa7b1b4a715288d5ba3298b
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.583 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
15835229302952434779…26890495534182553599
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.583 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
15835229302952434779…26890495534182553599
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.583 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
15835229302952434779…26890495534182553601
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
3.167 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
31670458605904869559…53780991068365107199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
3.167 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
31670458605904869559…53780991068365107201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
6.334 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
63340917211809739118…07561982136730214399
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
6.334 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
63340917211809739118…07561982136730214401
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.266 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
12668183442361947823…15123964273460428799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.266 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
12668183442361947823…15123964273460428801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
2.533 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
25336366884723895647…30247928546920857599
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
2.533 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
25336366884723895647…30247928546920857601
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,702,763 XPM·at block #6,807,342 · updates every 60s
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