Block #315,553

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/16/2013, 1:56:03 PM · Difficulty 10.1058 · 6,493,945 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
3e2135a68993ea1e8a9f886b0c83fedc2be4baafa02e3cf6f5aaef4bdf1eec17

Height

#315,553

Difficulty

10.105789

Transactions

36

Size

9.04 KB

Version

2

Bits

0a1b14f6

Nonce

10,473

Timestamp

12/16/2013, 1:56:03 PM

Confirmations

6,493,945

Merkle Root

c9b6f904364512d42836ab1c5486df464046b88d2bd61f634a3c10b4fc1a6214
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

2.250 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
22501241925588225392…94162600900864467199
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
2.250 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
22501241925588225392…94162600900864467199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
2.250 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
22501241925588225392…94162600900864467201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
4.500 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
45002483851176450785…88325201801728934399
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
4.500 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
45002483851176450785…88325201801728934401
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
9.000 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
90004967702352901571…76650403603457868799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
9.000 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
90004967702352901571…76650403603457868801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.800 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
18000993540470580314…53300807206915737599
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.800 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
18000993540470580314…53300807206915737601
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
3.600 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
36001987080941160628…06601614413831475199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
3.600 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
36001987080941160628…06601614413831475201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,720,057 XPM·at block #6,809,497 · updates every 60s
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