Block #315,286

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/16/2013, 10:39:03 AM · Difficulty 10.0936 · 6,501,236 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
e431db6a05eec36dd3aaf0778a61463a425e3b6f7c0e999fdc2e04b8b66f1fe2

Height

#315,286

Difficulty

10.093637

Transactions

20

Size

12.06 KB

Version

2

Bits

0a17f89a

Nonce

117,051

Timestamp

12/16/2013, 10:39:03 AM

Confirmations

6,501,236

Merkle Root

3d16a4656717c2829193dad4bc883da1f8878490a6512942796945116dfcc7ce
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.802 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
18021811567320634638…17749548940364091109
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.802 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
18021811567320634638…17749548940364091109
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.802 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
18021811567320634638…17749548940364091111
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
3.604 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
36043623134641269277…35499097880728182219
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
3.604 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
36043623134641269277…35499097880728182221
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
7.208 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
72087246269282538554…70998195761456364439
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
7.208 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
72087246269282538554…70998195761456364441
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.441 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
14417449253856507710…41996391522912728879
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.441 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
14417449253856507710…41996391522912728881
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
2.883 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
28834898507713015421…83992783045825457759
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
2.883 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
28834898507713015421…83992783045825457761
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,776,302 XPM·at block #6,816,521 · updates every 60s
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