Block #310,827

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/14/2013, 6:33:53 AM · Difficulty 9.9953 · 6,499,411 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
300615e15b8dcad3d00f1f7a600cd395a3b7568a00782f715f4812d14059f070

Height

#310,827

Difficulty

9.995295

Transactions

9

Size

2.97 KB

Version

2

Bits

09fecbad

Nonce

2,908

Timestamp

12/14/2013, 6:33:53 AM

Confirmations

6,499,411

Merkle Root

437d3785ef62b3ddf200852f4539da63ade9c88c00a96f50aeb816c32d880922
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.127 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
11278715966207585769…75830838863008373759
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.127 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
11278715966207585769…75830838863008373759
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.127 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
11278715966207585769…75830838863008373761
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
2.255 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
22557431932415171539…51661677726016747519
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
2.255 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
22557431932415171539…51661677726016747521
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
4.511 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
45114863864830343078…03323355452033495039
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
4.511 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
45114863864830343078…03323355452033495041
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
9.022 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
90229727729660686156…06646710904066990079
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
9.022 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
90229727729660686156…06646710904066990081
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
1.804 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
18045945545932137231…13293421808133980159
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
1.804 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
18045945545932137231…13293421808133980161
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,725,981 XPM·at block #6,810,237 · updates every 60s
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