Block #310,775

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/14/2013, 5:56:07 AM · Difficulty 9.9953 · 6,504,077 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
6add66ec4565a184151350985c930ad0894b92797ff4cac4e7d49379a1c04c97

Height

#310,775

Difficulty

9.995281

Transactions

6

Size

1.33 KB

Version

2

Bits

09fecac3

Nonce

42,521

Timestamp

12/14/2013, 5:56:07 AM

Confirmations

6,504,077

Merkle Root

664c2c869c9093b16497a0ab987be2bf6b5a4a88850f2365fde93425c8dceed1
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.417 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
14175549079793170811…21683841347806069119
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.417 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
14175549079793170811…21683841347806069119
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.417 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
14175549079793170811…21683841347806069121
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
2.835 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
28351098159586341622…43367682695612138239
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
2.835 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
28351098159586341622…43367682695612138241
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
5.670 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
56702196319172683245…86735365391224276479
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
5.670 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
56702196319172683245…86735365391224276481
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.134 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
11340439263834536649…73470730782448552959
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.134 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
11340439263834536649…73470730782448552961
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
2.268 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
22680878527669073298…46941461564897105919
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
2.268 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
22680878527669073298…46941461564897105921
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,762,899 XPM·at block #6,814,851 · updates every 60s
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