Block #310,768

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/14/2013, 5:46:10 AM · Difficulty 9.9953 · 6,498,841 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
aa245a34d64b01c7d7532a846f9f8dddffd55d897b11b9364ec37c069063272a

Height

#310,768

Difficulty

9.995284

Transactions

15

Size

7.44 KB

Version

2

Bits

09fecaf6

Nonce

88,987

Timestamp

12/14/2013, 5:46:10 AM

Confirmations

6,498,841

Merkle Root

c67a59343e571596a070436a252b41336d59e881934fd44fdf15a97aea5f5b06
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

2.426 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
24265420373337772649…22899897301317871559
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
2.426 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
24265420373337772649…22899897301317871559
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
2.426 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
24265420373337772649…22899897301317871561
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
4.853 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
48530840746675545299…45799794602635743119
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
4.853 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
48530840746675545299…45799794602635743121
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
9.706 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
97061681493351090598…91599589205271486239
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
9.706 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
97061681493351090598…91599589205271486241
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.941 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
19412336298670218119…83199178410542972479
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.941 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
19412336298670218119…83199178410542972481
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
3.882 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
38824672597340436239…66398356821085944959
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
3.882 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
38824672597340436239…66398356821085944961
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,720,948 XPM·at block #6,809,608 · updates every 60s
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