Block #310,618

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/14/2013, 3:56:32 AM · Difficulty 9.9952 · 6,500,031 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
02e69525afec19663f780da2e09e06e2320c93081d7770c1798c8e6bfaee3e9d

Height

#310,618

Difficulty

9.995242

Transactions

8

Size

5.95 KB

Version

2

Bits

09fec833

Nonce

37,297

Timestamp

12/14/2013, 3:56:32 AM

Confirmations

6,500,031

Merkle Root

b18992bfd563ab565442beec2063a43c74a8c7fca75daa811a5816f84a5b5032
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.767 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
17675029613117397805…84118405926569020839
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.767 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
17675029613117397805…84118405926569020839
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.767 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
17675029613117397805…84118405926569020841
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
3.535 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
35350059226234795610…68236811853138041679
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
3.535 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
35350059226234795610…68236811853138041681
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
7.070 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
70700118452469591221…36473623706276083359
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
7.070 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
70700118452469591221…36473623706276083361
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.414 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
14140023690493918244…72947247412552166719
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.414 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
14140023690493918244…72947247412552166721
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
2.828 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
28280047380987836488…45894494825104333439
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
2.828 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
28280047380987836488…45894494825104333441
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,729,281 XPM·at block #6,810,648 · updates every 60s
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