Block #310,616

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/14/2013, 3:55:41 AM · Difficulty 9.9952 · 6,485,109 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
ed35474c2dce0b1d6b3b284d19de4faa03a814434b513a27fcefb3798594bdf2

Height

#310,616

Difficulty

9.995242

Transactions

16

Size

29.96 KB

Version

2

Bits

09fec829

Nonce

188,938

Timestamp

12/14/2013, 3:55:41 AM

Confirmations

6,485,109

Merkle Root

a3400b3d4a84bf3185bdc37058645e300781feabfaa0ba5d638fb3ab7bc9bb56
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

5.563 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
55632492943092346422…66123514500446228479
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
5.563 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
55632492943092346422…66123514500446228479
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
5.563 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
55632492943092346422…66123514500446228481
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.112 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
11126498588618469284…32247029000892456959
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.112 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
11126498588618469284…32247029000892456961
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
2.225 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
22252997177236938568…64494058001784913919
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
2.225 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
22252997177236938568…64494058001784913921
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
4.450 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
44505994354473877137…28988116003569827839
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
4.450 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
44505994354473877137…28988116003569827841
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
8.901 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
89011988708947754275…57976232007139655679
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
8.901 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
89011988708947754275…57976232007139655681
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,609,876 XPM·at block #6,795,724 · updates every 60s
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