Block #308,828

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/13/2013, 7:28:36 AM · Difficulty 9.9946 · 6,490,444 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
4565d2f94d3f51290d68f87d8d02145cd81bd09cad1b19b5e821500221fc6778

Height

#308,828

Difficulty

9.994625

Transactions

22

Size

5.69 KB

Version

2

Bits

09fe9fc1

Nonce

28,971

Timestamp

12/13/2013, 7:28:36 AM

Confirmations

6,490,444

Merkle Root

77fe599b34c10748d4941f37c215025d61ece3b4af6aae93edf9c77652451e83
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

7.343 × 10⁹⁰(91-digit number)
73432362679784586714…46166055554406677559
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
7.343 × 10⁹⁰(91-digit number)
73432362679784586714…46166055554406677559
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
7.343 × 10⁹⁰(91-digit number)
73432362679784586714…46166055554406677561
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.468 × 10⁹¹(92-digit number)
14686472535956917342…92332111108813355119
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.468 × 10⁹¹(92-digit number)
14686472535956917342…92332111108813355121
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
2.937 × 10⁹¹(92-digit number)
29372945071913834685…84664222217626710239
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
2.937 × 10⁹¹(92-digit number)
29372945071913834685…84664222217626710241
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
5.874 × 10⁹¹(92-digit number)
58745890143827669371…69328444435253420479
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
5.874 × 10⁹¹(92-digit number)
58745890143827669371…69328444435253420481
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
1.174 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
11749178028765533874…38656888870506840959
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
1.174 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
11749178028765533874…38656888870506840961
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,638,216 XPM·at block #6,799,271 · updates every 60s
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