Block #3,018,757

TWNLength 11★★★☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 1/21/2019, 5:48:34 AM · Difficulty 11.1716 · 3,818,231 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
d3515790c98ee865aa7d660436515cc11011d8cf1286838bb945899f260a6ad3

Height

#3,018,757

Difficulty

11.171581

Transactions

9

Size

2.63 KB

Version

2

Bits

0b2becc3

Nonce

2,046,753,077

Timestamp

1/21/2019, 5:48:34 AM

Confirmations

3,818,231

Merkle Root

0e914d94643a48860e03d440e44dd324863a5c2e61d91eb1dc66bd6064110576
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

7.473 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
74730240557007666219…22149532778152243199
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
7.473 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
74730240557007666219…22149532778152243199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
7.473 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
74730240557007666219…22149532778152243201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.494 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
14946048111401533243…44299065556304486399
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.494 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
14946048111401533243…44299065556304486401
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
2.989 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
29892096222803066487…88598131112608972799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
2.989 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
29892096222803066487…88598131112608972801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
5.978 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
59784192445606132975…77196262225217945599
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
5.978 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
59784192445606132975…77196262225217945601
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
1.195 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
11956838489121226595…54392524450435891199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
1.195 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
11956838489121226595…54392524450435891201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 5 — Twin Prime Pair (2^5 × origin ± 1)
2^5 × origin − 1
2.391 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
23913676978242453190…08785048900871782399
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 11 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★★☆☆
Rarity
RareChain length 11

Approximately 1 in 1,000 blocks. Noteworthy discoveries.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,940,205 XPM·at block #6,836,987 · updates every 60s
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