Block #2,995,017

TWNLength 11★★★☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 1/4/2019, 7:16:48 AM · Difficulty 11.2709 · 3,848,195 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
f6afb97205ffac503859379dcf380a1ceb6475e1a704448f439c881cb34e9502

Height

#2,995,017

Difficulty

11.270889

Transactions

22

Size

6.47 KB

Version

2

Bits

0b455903

Nonce

1,369,037,728

Timestamp

1/4/2019, 7:16:48 AM

Confirmations

3,848,195

Merkle Root

ef3386f807c31ec924588602b47f279cdd43c866913866b1387dda2fc12f3896
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.871 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
18719138253167252676…84814858941761151999
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.871 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
18719138253167252676…84814858941761151999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.871 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
18719138253167252676…84814858941761152001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
3.743 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
37438276506334505352…69629717883522303999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
3.743 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
37438276506334505352…69629717883522304001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
7.487 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
74876553012669010705…39259435767044607999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
7.487 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
74876553012669010705…39259435767044608001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.497 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
14975310602533802141…78518871534089215999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.497 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
14975310602533802141…78518871534089216001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
2.995 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
29950621205067604282…57037743068178431999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
2.995 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
29950621205067604282…57037743068178432001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 5 — Twin Prime Pair (2^5 × origin ± 1)
2^5 × origin − 1
5.990 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
59901242410135208564…14075486136356863999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 11 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★★☆☆
Rarity
RareChain length 11

Approximately 1 in 1,000 blocks. Noteworthy discoveries.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,990,069 XPM·at block #6,843,211 · updates every 60s
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