Block #2,958,942

TWNLength 11★★★☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/9/2018, 7:36:43 PM · Difficulty 11.3545 · 3,879,474 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
531b68529d6ddf645776d8fff2371e2bee1d323682822d01ef9a3c15f72a501a

Height

#2,958,942

Difficulty

11.354543

Transactions

36

Size

10.08 KB

Version

2

Bits

0b5ac354

Nonce

591,452,952

Timestamp

12/9/2018, 7:36:43 PM

Confirmations

3,879,474

Merkle Root

ce401a8d1100c01ae19160d566a1377fe52a04f501726b5a81659bba71ab926f
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

5.617 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
56171305843290643602…80483228956013835839
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
5.617 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
56171305843290643602…80483228956013835839
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
5.617 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
56171305843290643602…80483228956013835841
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.123 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
11234261168658128720…60966457912027671679
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.123 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
11234261168658128720…60966457912027671681
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
2.246 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
22468522337316257441…21932915824055343359
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
2.246 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
22468522337316257441…21932915824055343361
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
4.493 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
44937044674632514882…43865831648110686719
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
4.493 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
44937044674632514882…43865831648110686721
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
8.987 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
89874089349265029764…87731663296221373439
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
8.987 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
89874089349265029764…87731663296221373441
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 5 — Twin Prime Pair (2^5 × origin ± 1)
2^5 × origin − 1
1.797 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
17974817869853005952…75463326592442746879
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 11 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★★☆☆
Rarity
RareChain length 11

Approximately 1 in 1,000 blocks. Noteworthy discoveries.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,951,601 XPM·at block #6,838,415 · updates every 60s
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