Block #2,945,824

TWNLength 11★★★☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 11/30/2018, 11:26:23 AM · Difficulty 11.3953 · 3,888,200 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
63e24b1fef2bbd5b91581661fa777f0c7803df09328f9f16423c798ec9154634

Height

#2,945,824

Difficulty

11.395268

Transactions

25

Size

7.29 KB

Version

2

Bits

0b653041

Nonce

516,168,271

Timestamp

11/30/2018, 11:26:23 AM

Confirmations

3,888,200

Merkle Root

5f732b2d88198de59c3ec7a75b30197dc830d121ba212ac7257eec63fece0dfa
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

5.587 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
55875237803303263436…15453263802298183679
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
5.587 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
55875237803303263436…15453263802298183679
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
5.587 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
55875237803303263436…15453263802298183681
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.117 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
11175047560660652687…30906527604596367359
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.117 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
11175047560660652687…30906527604596367361
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
2.235 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
22350095121321305374…61813055209192734719
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
2.235 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
22350095121321305374…61813055209192734721
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
4.470 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
44700190242642610749…23626110418385469439
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
4.470 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
44700190242642610749…23626110418385469441
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
8.940 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
89400380485285221498…47252220836770938879
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
8.940 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
89400380485285221498…47252220836770938881
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 5 — Twin Prime Pair (2^5 × origin ± 1)
2^5 × origin − 1
1.788 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
17880076097057044299…94504441673541877759
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 11 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★★☆☆
Rarity
RareChain length 11

Approximately 1 in 1,000 blocks. Noteworthy discoveries.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,916,418 XPM·at block #6,834,023 · updates every 60s
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