Block #2,925,071

TWNLength 11★★★☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 11/16/2018, 6:44:43 AM · Difficulty 11.3560 · 3,912,961 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
b1c6c33e2788779a84ec8b7c111c5c171a8c205ea857a31b49c7a36708464ab8

Height

#2,925,071

Difficulty

11.355993

Transactions

26

Size

78.11 KB

Version

2

Bits

0b5b225d

Nonce

1,166,928,813

Timestamp

11/16/2018, 6:44:43 AM

Confirmations

3,912,961

Merkle Root

a464cc006c85efdae8024c53f4b8735ab6b6ec8ce4942b126af991a151c4a2a3
Transactions (26)
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

8.812 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
88129802270267249009…70213222995707985919
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
8.812 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
88129802270267249009…70213222995707985919
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
8.812 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
88129802270267249009…70213222995707985921
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.762 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
17625960454053449801…40426445991415971839
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.762 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
17625960454053449801…40426445991415971841
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
3.525 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
35251920908106899603…80852891982831943679
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
3.525 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
35251920908106899603…80852891982831943681
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
7.050 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
70503841816213799207…61705783965663887359
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
7.050 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
70503841816213799207…61705783965663887361
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
1.410 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
14100768363242759841…23411567931327774719
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
1.410 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
14100768363242759841…23411567931327774721
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 5 — Twin Prime Pair (2^5 × origin ± 1)
2^5 × origin − 1
2.820 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
28201536726485519682…46823135862655549439
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 11 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★★☆☆
Rarity
RareChain length 11

Approximately 1 in 1,000 blocks. Noteworthy discoveries.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,948,606 XPM·at block #6,838,031 · updates every 60s
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