Block #2,873,924

TWNLength 12★★★★☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 10/9/2018, 11:15:35 AM · Difficulty 11.6639 · 3,963,118 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
853d2488def4aa0b02e5fad70809a043e9f84c48d5c594360f0839b7f96ce1dd

Height

#2,873,924

Difficulty

11.663914

Transactions

23

Size

4.95 KB

Version

2

Bits

0ba9f644

Nonce

1,851,221,252

Timestamp

10/9/2018, 11:15:35 AM

Confirmations

3,963,118

Merkle Root

f7bd9450630588e58c115f5cac32a14a803d59ab80a15142627dd0f0593787db
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.751 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
17511954376658618137…59904170563076095999
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.751 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
17511954376658618137…59904170563076095999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.751 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
17511954376658618137…59904170563076096001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
3.502 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
35023908753317236275…19808341126152191999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
3.502 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
35023908753317236275…19808341126152192001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
7.004 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
70047817506634472550…39616682252304383999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
7.004 × 10⁹⁹(100-digit number)
70047817506634472550…39616682252304384001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.400 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
14009563501326894510…79233364504608767999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.400 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
14009563501326894510…79233364504608768001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
2.801 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
28019127002653789020…58466729009217535999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
2.801 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
28019127002653789020…58466729009217536001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 5 — Twin Prime Pair (2^5 × origin ± 1)
2^5 × origin − 1
5.603 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
56038254005307578040…16933458018435071999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^5 × origin + 1
5.603 × 10¹⁰⁰(101-digit number)
56038254005307578040…16933458018435072001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^5 × origin + 1 − 2^5 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 12 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★★★☆
Rarity
ExceptionalChain length 12

Around 1 in 10,000 blocks. A significant mathematical achievement.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,940,638 XPM·at block #6,837,041 · updates every 60s
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