Block #2,830,774

TWNLength 11★★★☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 9/8/2018, 8:53:28 PM · Difficulty 11.7182 · 4,002,378 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
16e2aa4ec13dd28f2b345927272c3a0896efbfacdee029a898c892243557dd38

Height

#2,830,774

Difficulty

11.718172

Transactions

15

Size

4.35 KB

Version

2

Bits

0bb7da19

Nonce

68,392,703

Timestamp

9/8/2018, 8:53:28 PM

Confirmations

4,002,378

Merkle Root

6754ffc3fbaac7f25f53cc55038a738956a66b0dac551975bc348f50698c36a7
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

2.268 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
22680880264205907552…72863113300961703679
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
2.268 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
22680880264205907552…72863113300961703679
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
2.268 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
22680880264205907552…72863113300961703681
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
4.536 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
45361760528411815105…45726226601923407359
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
4.536 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
45361760528411815105…45726226601923407361
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
9.072 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
90723521056823630211…91452453203846814719
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
9.072 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
90723521056823630211…91452453203846814721
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.814 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
18144704211364726042…82904906407693629439
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.814 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
18144704211364726042…82904906407693629441
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
3.628 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
36289408422729452084…65809812815387258879
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
3.628 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
36289408422729452084…65809812815387258881
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 5 — Twin Prime Pair (2^5 × origin ± 1)
2^5 × origin − 1
7.257 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
72578816845458904168…31619625630774517759
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 11 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★★☆☆
Rarity
RareChain length 11

Approximately 1 in 1,000 blocks. Noteworthy discoveries.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,909,393 XPM·at block #6,833,151 · updates every 60s
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