Block #281,483

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 11/29/2013, 1:05:32 AM · Difficulty 9.9771 · 6,516,656 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
e0532c34245514264878516d19b6f5792efde54cd0e09d4704da39d1bd88402f

Height

#281,483

Difficulty

9.977140

Transactions

8

Size

10.47 KB

Version

2

Bits

09fa25d2

Nonce

11,495

Timestamp

11/29/2013, 1:05:32 AM

Confirmations

6,516,656

Merkle Root

fed594596ce754a95dca36d9f4162a908004cb061904e493729eec463d3dc26b
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.007 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
10078255067952020907…26083118364496934399
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.007 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
10078255067952020907…26083118364496934399
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.007 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
10078255067952020907…26083118364496934401
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
2.015 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
20156510135904041814…52166236728993868799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
2.015 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
20156510135904041814…52166236728993868801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
4.031 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
40313020271808083628…04332473457987737599
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
4.031 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
40313020271808083628…04332473457987737601
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
8.062 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
80626040543616167256…08664946915975475199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
8.062 × 10¹⁰¹(102-digit number)
80626040543616167256…08664946915975475201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
1.612 × 10¹⁰²(103-digit number)
16125208108723233451…17329893831950950399
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
1.612 × 10¹⁰²(103-digit number)
16125208108723233451…17329893831950950401
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,629,111 XPM·at block #6,798,138 · updates every 60s
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