Block #273,198

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 11/25/2013, 4:31:03 PM · Difficulty 9.9543 · 6,516,885 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
ee5adb1ea04a849b356994f909ecae030098ceba145c0f0e1d3d85ed6500b876

Height

#273,198

Difficulty

9.954310

Transactions

8

Size

2.86 KB

Version

2

Bits

09f44da1

Nonce

177,890

Timestamp

11/25/2013, 4:31:03 PM

Confirmations

6,516,885

Merkle Root

aa4f47f967f78f74056303974cbf6a3e96651eabc5e543755ce4bc838bbba0aa
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

7.520 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
75205454710798864210…83006123557466976419
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
7.520 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
75205454710798864210…83006123557466976419
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
7.520 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
75205454710798864210…83006123557466976421
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.504 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
15041090942159772842…66012247114933952839
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.504 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
15041090942159772842…66012247114933952841
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
3.008 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
30082181884319545684…32024494229867905679
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
3.008 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
30082181884319545684…32024494229867905681
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
6.016 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
60164363768639091368…64048988459735811359
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
6.016 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
60164363768639091368…64048988459735811361
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
1.203 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
12032872753727818273…28097976919471622719
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
1.203 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
12032872753727818273…28097976919471622721
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,564,636 XPM·at block #6,790,082 · updates every 60s