Block #273,078

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 11/25/2013, 2:59:32 PM · Difficulty 9.9540 · 6,535,819 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
307cbf0d174b791d201a5f38a64ee08330b3b21709a886a7bb52350110ccee4e

Height

#273,078

Difficulty

9.954027

Transactions

8

Size

6.37 KB

Version

2

Bits

09f43b15

Nonce

763

Timestamp

11/25/2013, 2:59:32 PM

Confirmations

6,535,819

Merkle Root

0f203b7ba181bdc5f1ecc14f158fc4d4c1dc29ffd852dc8ef60a9cdb3fc79296
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

5.721 × 10¹⁰⁴(105-digit number)
57216439234984730182…81406309217773331199
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
5.721 × 10¹⁰⁴(105-digit number)
57216439234984730182…81406309217773331199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
5.721 × 10¹⁰⁴(105-digit number)
57216439234984730182…81406309217773331201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.144 × 10¹⁰⁵(106-digit number)
11443287846996946036…62812618435546662399
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.144 × 10¹⁰⁵(106-digit number)
11443287846996946036…62812618435546662401
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
2.288 × 10¹⁰⁵(106-digit number)
22886575693993892072…25625236871093324799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
2.288 × 10¹⁰⁵(106-digit number)
22886575693993892072…25625236871093324801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
4.577 × 10¹⁰⁵(106-digit number)
45773151387987784145…51250473742186649599
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
4.577 × 10¹⁰⁵(106-digit number)
45773151387987784145…51250473742186649601
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
9.154 × 10¹⁰⁵(106-digit number)
91546302775975568291…02500947484373299199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
9.154 × 10¹⁰⁵(106-digit number)
91546302775975568291…02500947484373299201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,715,228 XPM·at block #6,808,896 · updates every 60s
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