Block #272,235

TWNLength 9★☆☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 11/25/2013, 3:37:39 AM · Difficulty 9.9525 · 6,523,304 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
00648b0565ffd3351c988bee33b46e04a094f47767a09046bb759a07e6a2f8c7

Height

#272,235

Difficulty

9.952511

Transactions

7

Size

1.63 KB

Version

2

Bits

09f3d7c5

Nonce

4,520

Timestamp

11/25/2013, 3:37:39 AM

Confirmations

6,523,304

Merkle Root

e249e94118622397fb3f627a15d8fc1f6ec0ca06497a77e05450360b5f033644
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

5.774 × 10¹⁰²(103-digit number)
57743438050391288245…30992525744122931099
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
5.774 × 10¹⁰²(103-digit number)
57743438050391288245…30992525744122931099
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
5.774 × 10¹⁰²(103-digit number)
57743438050391288245…30992525744122931101
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.154 × 10¹⁰³(104-digit number)
11548687610078257649…61985051488245862199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.154 × 10¹⁰³(104-digit number)
11548687610078257649…61985051488245862201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
2.309 × 10¹⁰³(104-digit number)
23097375220156515298…23970102976491724399
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
2.309 × 10¹⁰³(104-digit number)
23097375220156515298…23970102976491724401
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
4.619 × 10¹⁰³(104-digit number)
46194750440313030596…47940205952983448799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
4.619 × 10¹⁰³(104-digit number)
46194750440313030596…47940205952983448801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
9.238 × 10¹⁰³(104-digit number)
92389500880626061192…95880411905966897599
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 9 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★☆☆☆☆
Rarity
CommonChain length 9

Found in most blocks. The baseline for Primecoin's proof-of-work.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,608,376 XPM·at block #6,795,538 · updates every 60s
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