Block #265,432

TWNLength 9★☆☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 11/19/2013, 1:36:49 PM · Difficulty 9.9626 · 6,538,332 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
a91cfeb5e50247f72ddba2c2c37a8d31b58d98ba9473199d2fa91aff75f96953

Height

#265,432

Difficulty

9.962633

Transactions

7

Size

2.50 KB

Version

2

Bits

09f66f1d

Nonce

27,831

Timestamp

11/19/2013, 1:36:49 PM

Confirmations

6,538,332

Merkle Root

5c7d18949f7529cd77d6cc7fc02ffd9d2d9168a913270008aa1bc8673484766b
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.375 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
13756795508925245673…53095747360671867959
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.375 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
13756795508925245673…53095747360671867959
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.375 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
13756795508925245673…53095747360671867961
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
2.751 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
27513591017850491347…06191494721343735919
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
2.751 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
27513591017850491347…06191494721343735921
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
5.502 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
55027182035700982694…12382989442687471839
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
5.502 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
55027182035700982694…12382989442687471841
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.100 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
11005436407140196538…24765978885374943679
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.100 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
11005436407140196538…24765978885374943681
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
2.201 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
22010872814280393077…49531957770749887359
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 9 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★☆☆☆☆
Rarity
CommonChain length 9

Found in most blocks. The baseline for Primecoin's proof-of-work.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,674,149 XPM·at block #6,803,763 · updates every 60s
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