Block #265,073

TWNLength 9★☆☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 11/19/2013, 6:18:45 AM · Difficulty 9.9632 · 6,540,616 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
5be809e0fe087b7766c7d5b15f23a9ba67a02820a84a487825c60d13125d0551

Height

#265,073

Difficulty

9.963201

Transactions

9

Size

35.10 KB

Version

2

Bits

09f69452

Nonce

13,169

Timestamp

11/19/2013, 6:18:45 AM

Confirmations

6,540,616

Merkle Root

40cea4085a619a348d1d50ce2f7dc976db79e751e7389debc01a2059492e4a45
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

3.777 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
37779273264539369450…16497771485964252979
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
3.777 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
37779273264539369450…16497771485964252979
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
3.777 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
37779273264539369450…16497771485964252981
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
7.555 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
75558546529078738900…32995542971928505959
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
7.555 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
75558546529078738900…32995542971928505961
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
1.511 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
15111709305815747780…65991085943857011919
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
1.511 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
15111709305815747780…65991085943857011921
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
3.022 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
30223418611631495560…31982171887714023839
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
3.022 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
30223418611631495560…31982171887714023841
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
6.044 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
60446837223262991120…63964343775428047679
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 9 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★☆☆☆☆
Rarity
CommonChain length 9

Found in most blocks. The baseline for Primecoin's proof-of-work.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,689,593 XPM·at block #6,805,688 · updates every 60s
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