Block #262,935

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 11/17/2013, 8:25:31 AM · Difficulty 9.9673 · 6,553,104 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
49395aeb0273852075073bbcac4e8da5bdde7fe8802f868705630b6223353836

Height

#262,935

Difficulty

9.967346

Transactions

8

Size

4.70 KB

Version

2

Bits

09f7a403

Nonce

4,867

Timestamp

11/17/2013, 8:25:31 AM

Confirmations

6,553,104

Merkle Root

81fe5ece541057638f8b4c9c5c6181d795c61706f9e29bfa8fdedd689053ba00
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

9.916 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
99160061935196885996…40338257312526055999
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
9.916 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
99160061935196885996…40338257312526055999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
9.916 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
99160061935196885996…40338257312526056001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.983 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
19832012387039377199…80676514625052111999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.983 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
19832012387039377199…80676514625052112001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
3.966 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
39664024774078754398…61353029250104223999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
3.966 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
39664024774078754398…61353029250104224001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
7.932 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
79328049548157508796…22706058500208447999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
7.932 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
79328049548157508796…22706058500208448001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
1.586 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
15865609909631501759…45412117000416895999
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
1.586 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
15865609909631501759…45412117000416896001
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,772,426 XPM·at block #6,816,038 · updates every 60s
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