Block #2,483,093

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 1/21/2018, 9:49:51 AM · Difficulty 10.9668 · 4,362,284 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
31791327099a3b30b5763ff79d426da19c88a7eb448ca95db277c9f308d06594

Height

#2,483,093

Difficulty

10.966757

Transactions

54

Size

13.64 KB

Version

2

Bits

0af77d5b

Nonce

372,676,093

Timestamp

1/21/2018, 9:49:51 AM

Confirmations

4,362,284

Merkle Root

d7d655dfcb2d788f896c9ccf7ac1173fd26863813ba37122a5d8784fe4149701
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

7.981 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
79813513783078747398…91800553290618839039
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
7.981 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
79813513783078747398…91800553290618839039
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
7.981 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
79813513783078747398…91800553290618839041
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.596 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
15962702756615749479…83601106581237678079
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.596 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
15962702756615749479…83601106581237678081
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
3.192 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
31925405513231498959…67202213162475356159
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
3.192 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
31925405513231498959…67202213162475356161
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
6.385 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
63850811026462997918…34404426324950712319
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
6.385 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
63850811026462997918…34404426324950712321
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
1.277 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
12770162205292599583…68808852649901424639
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
1.277 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
12770162205292599583…68808852649901424641
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:58,007,461 XPM·at block #6,845,376 · updates every 60s
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