Block #245,372

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 11/5/2013, 10:28:50 AM · Difficulty 9.9638 · 6,579,520 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
8459dbcf41fc86f0e868667eca9b51038f22766e91e59f839b9790c0fa8c165d

Height

#245,372

Difficulty

9.963836

Transactions

6

Size

1.70 KB

Version

2

Bits

09f6bdf1

Nonce

85,465

Timestamp

11/5/2013, 10:28:50 AM

Confirmations

6,579,520

Merkle Root

ccc302e9d688a7f33d03e69b2beb6ec544f2bcf2e2199fed78f1ce139ccf89f6
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

6.721 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
67214612671875441315…38154436851897651199
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
6.721 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
67214612671875441315…38154436851897651199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
6.721 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
67214612671875441315…38154436851897651201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.344 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
13442922534375088263…76308873703795302399
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.344 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
13442922534375088263…76308873703795302401
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
2.688 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
26885845068750176526…52617747407590604799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
2.688 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
26885845068750176526…52617747407590604801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
5.377 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
53771690137500353052…05235494815181209599
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
5.377 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
53771690137500353052…05235494815181209601
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
1.075 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
10754338027500070610…10470989630362419199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
1.075 × 10⁹⁸(99-digit number)
10754338027500070610…10470989630362419201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,843,217 XPM·at block #6,824,891 · updates every 60s
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