Block #2,275,538

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 8/31/2017, 12:06:14 AM · Difficulty 10.9551 · 4,567,459 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
463c559644473945db2306c57c91a1edc334c3fb3b1738773057a1164667fd76

Height

#2,275,538

Difficulty

10.955104

Transactions

8

Size

1.93 KB

Version

2

Bits

0af481ba

Nonce

51,839,990

Timestamp

8/31/2017, 12:06:14 AM

Confirmations

4,567,459

Merkle Root

3d411de612c2fd7243a3452450a38ceb309545734dce8f6a880f52ec13456378
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.152 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
11526976484309442567…12134554224223191039
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.152 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
11526976484309442567…12134554224223191039
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.152 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
11526976484309442567…12134554224223191041
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
2.305 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
23053952968618885135…24269108448446382079
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
2.305 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
23053952968618885135…24269108448446382081
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
4.610 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
46107905937237770270…48538216896892764159
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
4.610 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
46107905937237770270…48538216896892764161
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
9.221 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
92215811874475540540…97076433793785528319
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
9.221 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
92215811874475540540…97076433793785528321
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
1.844 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
18443162374895108108…94152867587571056639
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
1.844 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
18443162374895108108…94152867587571056641
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,988,331 XPM·at block #6,842,996 · updates every 60s
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