Block #2,217,714

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 7/22/2017, 12:42:48 PM · Difficulty 10.9435 · 4,622,898 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
45b2f71d679f81de647068e9b374c58af01b385a2056b438ddfbfbf7393be811

Height

#2,217,714

Difficulty

10.943534

Transactions

6

Size

1.38 KB

Version

2

Bits

0af18b77

Nonce

734,780,390

Timestamp

7/22/2017, 12:42:48 PM

Confirmations

4,622,898

Merkle Root

af0a05051f318135d724ca15eeac40e463594b16cb73189a24d68e6293630595
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.062 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
10623038617136460801…72327329463837572479
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.062 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
10623038617136460801…72327329463837572479
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.062 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
10623038617136460801…72327329463837572481
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
2.124 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
21246077234272921603…44654658927675144959
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
2.124 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
21246077234272921603…44654658927675144961
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
4.249 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
42492154468545843206…89309317855350289919
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
4.249 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
42492154468545843206…89309317855350289921
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
8.498 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
84984308937091686413…78618635710700579839
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
8.498 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
84984308937091686413…78618635710700579841
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
1.699 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
16996861787418337282…57237271421401159679
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
1.699 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
16996861787418337282…57237271421401159681
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,969,233 XPM·at block #6,840,611 · updates every 60s
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