Block #207,999

TWNLength 9★☆☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 10/13/2013, 6:22:42 PM · Difficulty 9.9049 · 6,581,793 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
825c93662fb553ab06a7d8cff52ada98b137b556edef13c078f316c16a8b6afd

Height

#207,999

Difficulty

9.904850

Transactions

12

Size

8.17 KB

Version

2

Bits

09e7a443

Nonce

29,924

Timestamp

10/13/2013, 6:22:42 PM

Confirmations

6,581,793

Merkle Root

6b730dd0080852c191b9ccfe63a520d741c467710b0edde9ae6dcffa03109a0c
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

1.416 × 10⁸⁸(89-digit number)
14166965151279442649…49575538723612184379
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
1.416 × 10⁸⁸(89-digit number)
14166965151279442649…49575538723612184379
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
1.416 × 10⁸⁸(89-digit number)
14166965151279442649…49575538723612184381
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
2.833 × 10⁸⁸(89-digit number)
28333930302558885298…99151077447224368759
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
2.833 × 10⁸⁸(89-digit number)
28333930302558885298…99151077447224368761
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
5.666 × 10⁸⁸(89-digit number)
56667860605117770597…98302154894448737519
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
5.666 × 10⁸⁸(89-digit number)
56667860605117770597…98302154894448737521
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.133 × 10⁸⁹(90-digit number)
11333572121023554119…96604309788897475039
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.133 × 10⁸⁹(90-digit number)
11333572121023554119…96604309788897475041
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
2.266 × 10⁸⁹(90-digit number)
22667144242047108239…93208619577794950079
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 9 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★☆☆☆☆
Rarity
CommonChain length 9

Found in most blocks. The baseline for Primecoin's proof-of-work.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,562,308 XPM·at block #6,789,791 · updates every 60s