Block #207,089

TWNLength 9★☆☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 10/13/2013, 6:06:21 AM · Difficulty 9.9016 · 6,600,713 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
21fd5fe1abf17f9caf6995936ab147ca2b8b89eda1c07177df324a505d39006f

Height

#207,089

Difficulty

9.901579

Transactions

11

Size

1.98 KB

Version

2

Bits

09e6cde0

Nonce

182,409

Timestamp

10/13/2013, 6:06:21 AM

Confirmations

6,600,713

Merkle Root

eed5099fd7f3adc8c261d5f4ec30616b25a1c9c47a2c1c4cd86a3b30e8e43056
Transactions (11)
1 in → 1 out10.2800 XPM109 B
1 in → 1 out10.2500 XPM157 B
1 in → 1 out10.1800 XPM159 B
1 in → 1 out10.1800 XPM158 B
1 in → 1 out10.2300 XPM158 B
1 in → 1 out10.2300 XPM157 B
1 in → 1 out10.1800 XPM158 B
1 in → 1 out10.2000 XPM158 B
1 in → 1 out10.1900 XPM158 B
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

5.208 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
52082091150959372306…31761374058602207119
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
5.208 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
52082091150959372306…31761374058602207119
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
5.208 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
52082091150959372306…31761374058602207121
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.041 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
10416418230191874461…63522748117204414239
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.041 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
10416418230191874461…63522748117204414241
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
2.083 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
20832836460383748922…27045496234408828479
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
2.083 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
20832836460383748922…27045496234408828481
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
4.166 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
41665672920767497845…54090992468817656959
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
4.166 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
41665672920767497845…54090992468817656961
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
8.333 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
83331345841534995690…08181984937635313919
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 9 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★☆☆☆☆
Rarity
CommonChain length 9

Found in most blocks. The baseline for Primecoin's proof-of-work.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,706,450 XPM·at block #6,807,801 · updates every 60s
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