Block #1,878,689

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 12/4/2016, 6:44:47 PM · Difficulty 10.6861 · 4,929,237 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
05ca739ab48ef349ec92599b0ba784bfc7e7c9d7b2de9b8ae407b4d661927eb6

Height

#1,878,689

Difficulty

10.686057

Transactions

6

Size

9.58 KB

Version

2

Bits

0aafa16d

Nonce

303,084,292

Timestamp

12/4/2016, 6:44:47 PM

Confirmations

4,929,237

Merkle Root

a2a1e843ecca507a29575b60b2d6626c03d67220e85162349da212d9d52213a0
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

6.769 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
67693962227707397346…98361900957489356799
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
6.769 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
67693962227707397346…98361900957489356799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
6.769 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
67693962227707397346…98361900957489356801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
1.353 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
13538792445541479469…96723801914978713599
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
1.353 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
13538792445541479469…96723801914978713601
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
2.707 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
27077584891082958938…93447603829957427199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
2.707 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
27077584891082958938…93447603829957427201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
5.415 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
54155169782165917876…86895207659914854399
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
5.415 × 10⁹⁵(96-digit number)
54155169782165917876…86895207659914854401
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
1.083 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
10831033956433183575…73790415319829708799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
1.083 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
10831033956433183575…73790415319829708801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,707,444 XPM·at block #6,807,925 · updates every 60s
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