Block #157,578

2CCLength 10★★☆☆☆

Cunningham Chain of the Second Kind · Discovered 9/9/2013, 5:38:50 PM · Difficulty 9.8692 · 6,650,297 confirmations

2CC
Cunningham Chain of the Second Kind

A sequence where each prime is double the previous prime minus one.

Block Header
Block Hash
bfa28c793f8b864e437a60a8cd6083712d225afb1e81d1caa2bd9653327fe32e

Height

#157,578

Difficulty

9.869156

Transactions

14

Size

4.65 KB

Version

2

Bits

09de80fd

Nonce

28,796

Timestamp

9/9/2013, 5:38:50 PM

Confirmations

6,650,297

Merkle Root

034ec88aece11b7154395068b2eb58e3a6ddc650e7cf0a44f74ffaf22031568d
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

7.411 × 10⁹¹(92-digit number)
74111674323043510485…65680437071251399041
Discovered Prime Numbers
p_k = 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

1
origin + 1
7.411 × 10⁹¹(92-digit number)
74111674323043510485…65680437071251399041
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
2
2^1 × origin + 1
1.482 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
14822334864608702097…31360874142502798081
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
3
2^2 × origin + 1
2.964 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
29644669729217404194…62721748285005596161
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
4
2^3 × origin + 1
5.928 × 10⁹²(93-digit number)
59289339458434808388…25443496570011192321
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
5
2^4 × origin + 1
1.185 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
11857867891686961677…50886993140022384641
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
6
2^5 × origin + 1
2.371 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
23715735783373923355…01773986280044769281
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
7
2^6 × origin + 1
4.743 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
47431471566747846710…03547972560089538561
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
8
2^7 × origin + 1
9.486 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
94862943133495693420…07095945120179077121
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
9
2^8 × origin + 1
1.897 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
18972588626699138684…14191890240358154241
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
×2−1 →
10
2^9 × origin + 1
3.794 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
37945177253398277368…28383780480716308481
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Cunningham Chain of the Second Kind. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the 2CC formula:

2CC: p₁ (first prime), p₂ = 2p₁ − 1, p₃ = 2p₂ − 1, …
Circulating Supply:57,707,033 XPM·at block #6,807,874 · updates every 60s
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