Block #153,944

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 9/7/2013, 8:45:59 AM · Difficulty 9.8632 · 6,673,170 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
0483ef4cbc5132df6a36230c33fb13480b9901ee26e3e332a4729caeb7045bb0

Height

#153,944

Difficulty

9.863191

Transactions

7

Size

1.78 KB

Version

2

Bits

09dcfa1e

Nonce

82,038

Timestamp

9/7/2013, 8:45:59 AM

Confirmations

6,673,170

Merkle Root

52235948135e10220a699dc98a41e4a0d23c65e1acfa05b913d4772aa8afa850
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

2.014 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
20149194784273766377…64250737276855269449
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
2.014 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
20149194784273766377…64250737276855269449
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
2.014 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
20149194784273766377…64250737276855269451
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
4.029 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
40298389568547532754…28501474553710538899
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
4.029 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
40298389568547532754…28501474553710538901
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
8.059 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
80596779137095065509…57002949107421077799
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
8.059 × 10⁹³(94-digit number)
80596779137095065509…57002949107421077801
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
1.611 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
16119355827419013101…14005898214842155599
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
1.611 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
16119355827419013101…14005898214842155601
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
3.223 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
32238711654838026203…28011796429684311199
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
3.223 × 10⁹⁴(95-digit number)
32238711654838026203…28011796429684311201
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,861,091 XPM·at block #6,827,113 · updates every 60s
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