Block #1,407,912

TWNLength 10★★☆☆☆

Bi-Twin Chain · Discovered 1/10/2016, 11:06:07 PM · Difficulty 10.8048 · 5,432,051 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
a45db73cb4f1be53195a4bee8bc55469925362344d5efb068c5c1d8d90e6ad21

Height

#1,407,912

Difficulty

10.804850

Transactions

59

Size

19.89 KB

Version

2

Bits

0ace0a9e

Nonce

1,443,217,215

Timestamp

1/10/2016, 11:06:07 PM

Confirmations

5,432,051

Merkle Root

959b750e0d55a298fb39b83bae796471a0895c9093f25ae81bc90f8979c1faa6
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) — it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

4.619 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
46191531119789585478…48921707817866813439
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k × origin − 1 | Upper: 2^k × origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 — Twin Prime Pair (origin ± 1)
origin − 1
4.619 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
46191531119789585478…48921707817866813439
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
origin + 1
4.619 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
46191531119789585478…48921707817866813441
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: origin + 1 − origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 1 — Twin Prime Pair (2^1 × origin ± 1)
2^1 × origin − 1
9.238 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
92383062239579170956…97843415635733626879
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^1 × origin + 1
9.238 × 10⁹⁶(97-digit number)
92383062239579170956…97843415635733626881
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^1 × origin + 1 − 2^1 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 2 — Twin Prime Pair (2^2 × origin ± 1)
2^2 × origin − 1
1.847 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
18476612447915834191…95686831271467253759
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^2 × origin + 1
1.847 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
18476612447915834191…95686831271467253761
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^2 × origin + 1 − 2^2 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 3 — Twin Prime Pair (2^3 × origin ± 1)
2^3 × origin − 1
3.695 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
36953224895831668382…91373662542934507519
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^3 × origin + 1
3.695 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
36953224895831668382…91373662542934507521
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^3 × origin + 1 − 2^3 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)
Level 4 — Twin Prime Pair (2^4 × origin ± 1)
2^4 × origin − 1
7.390 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
73906449791663336765…82747325085869015039
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
2^4 × origin + 1
7.390 × 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
73906449791663336765…82747325085869015041
Verify on FactorDB ↗Wolfram Alpha ↗
Difference: 2^4 × origin + 1 − 2^4 × origin − 1 = 2 (twin primes ✓)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin — the large number shown above — anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

★★☆☆☆
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10

Roughly 1 in 100 blocks. Solid but expected in a healthy network.

How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial — that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime × Primorial (2·3·5·7·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp — CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors — those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial − 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Circulating Supply:57,964,008 XPM·at block #6,839,962 · updates every 60s
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