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Block #645,027

TWNLength 10β˜…β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†

Bi-Twin Chain Β· Discovered 7/23/2014, 6:04:19 PM Β· Difficulty 10.9541 Β· 6,150,930 confirmations

TWN
Bi-Twin Chain

Interleaved pairs of primes that differ by 2, forming twin prime pairs at each level.

Block Header
Block Hash
d3101f253240d1a3516cffa938112e0cacdb04bea8d04b33d208f33a06f231bb
View on Chainz β†—

Height

#645,027

Difficulty

10.954055

Transactions

1

Size

207 B

Version

2

Bits

0af43cf8

Nonce

2,517,716,397

Timestamp

7/23/2014, 6:04:19 PM

Confirmations

6,150,930

Merkle Root

c7527c3ee06864116abcb82c94deb203f5825c4e892ef7abaacc04844ffc01c2
Transactions (1)
Coinbasec7527c3ee06864…cc04844ffc01c2
1 in β†’ 1 out8.3200 XPM116 B
ANSXnLY2…Sd25TjkD
Prime Chain Origin

This is the prime chain origin stored in the block header. It is a composite number (not prime itself) β€” it equals the first prime in the chain multiplied by a primorial. The origin anchors the entire chain to this specific block.

3.483 Γ— 10⁹⁢(97-digit number)
34832641381549014430…15943836077469582240
Discovered Prime Numbers
Lower: 2^k Γ— origin βˆ’ 1 | Upper: 2^k Γ— origin + 1

These are the actual prime numbers discovered by this block, computed using the verified Primecoin formula. Each number has been independently confirmed to pass the Fermat primality test. Use the FactorDB links to verify any number independently.

Level 0 β€” Twin Prime Pair (origin Β± 1)
origin βˆ’ 1
3.483 Γ— 10⁹⁢(97-digit number)
34832641381549014430…15943836077469582239
Verify on FactorDB β†—Wolfram Alpha β†—
origin + 1
3.483 Γ— 10⁹⁢(97-digit number)
34832641381549014430…15943836077469582241
Verify on FactorDB β†—Wolfram Alpha β†—
Difference: origin + 1 βˆ’ origin βˆ’ 1 = 2 (twin primes βœ“)
Level 1 β€” Twin Prime Pair (2^1 Γ— origin Β± 1)
2^1 Γ— origin βˆ’ 1
6.966 Γ— 10⁹⁢(97-digit number)
69665282763098028861…31887672154939164479
Verify on FactorDB β†—Wolfram Alpha β†—
2^1 Γ— origin + 1
6.966 Γ— 10⁹⁢(97-digit number)
69665282763098028861…31887672154939164481
Verify on FactorDB β†—Wolfram Alpha β†—
Difference: 2^1 Γ— origin + 1 βˆ’ 2^1 Γ— origin βˆ’ 1 = 2 (twin primes βœ“)
Level 2 β€” Twin Prime Pair (2^2 Γ— origin Β± 1)
2^2 Γ— origin βˆ’ 1
1.393 Γ— 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
13933056552619605772…63775344309878328959
Verify on FactorDB β†—Wolfram Alpha β†—
2^2 Γ— origin + 1
1.393 Γ— 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
13933056552619605772…63775344309878328961
Verify on FactorDB β†—Wolfram Alpha β†—
Difference: 2^2 Γ— origin + 1 βˆ’ 2^2 Γ— origin βˆ’ 1 = 2 (twin primes βœ“)
Level 3 β€” Twin Prime Pair (2^3 Γ— origin Β± 1)
2^3 Γ— origin βˆ’ 1
2.786 Γ— 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
27866113105239211544…27550688619756657919
Verify on FactorDB β†—Wolfram Alpha β†—
2^3 Γ— origin + 1
2.786 Γ— 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
27866113105239211544…27550688619756657921
Verify on FactorDB β†—Wolfram Alpha β†—
Difference: 2^3 Γ— origin + 1 βˆ’ 2^3 Γ— origin βˆ’ 1 = 2 (twin primes βœ“)
Level 4 β€” Twin Prime Pair (2^4 Γ— origin Β± 1)
2^4 Γ— origin βˆ’ 1
5.573 Γ— 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
55732226210478423089…55101377239513315839
Verify on FactorDB β†—Wolfram Alpha β†—
2^4 Γ— origin + 1
5.573 Γ— 10⁹⁷(98-digit number)
55732226210478423089…55101377239513315841
Verify on FactorDB β†—Wolfram Alpha β†—
Difference: 2^4 Γ— origin + 1 βˆ’ 2^4 Γ— origin βˆ’ 1 = 2 (twin primes βœ“)

What this block proved

The miner who found this block proved the existence of 10 consecutive prime numbers forming a Bi-Twin Chain. The prime chain origin β€” the large number shown above β€” anchors the chain and is divisible by a primorial (the product of small primes), cryptographically tying these prime numbers to this specific block.

View full Prime Chain Discovery page β†’
β˜…β˜…β˜†β˜†β˜†
Rarity
UncommonChain length 10
How Primecoin's Proof-of-Work Constructs These Primes

Primecoin stores a value called the prime chain origin in each block. The miner found a large integer such that when divided by a primorial (the product of small primes: 2 Γ— 3 Γ— 5 Γ— 7 Γ— …), the result is the first prime in the chain. The origin is deliberately divisible by this primorial β€” that divisibility is part of the proof.

Prime Chain Origin = First Prime Γ— Primorial (2Β·3Β·5Β·7Β·11·…)
Source: Primecoin prime.cpp β€” CheckPrimeProofOfWork()

This is why the origin has many small prime factors β€” those factors are the primorial divisor. The chain then extends from the first prime using the TWN formula:

TWN: twin pairs (p, p+2) where p = origin/primorial βˆ’ 1 and p+2 = origin/primorial + 1
Verify on a Primecoin Node

Anyone running a Primecoin node can independently verify this block using the following RPC commands. Run these from the primecoin-cli command line or via the debug console in the Primecoin wallet.

1. Get block hash by height
getblockhash 645027

Returns the block hash for a given block height. Use this to confirm the hash shown above matches the chain.

2. Get full block data
getblock d3101f253240d1a3516cffa938112e0cacdb04bea8d04b33d208f33a06f231bb

Returns the full block header including difficulty, prime chain origin, prime chain type, transaction IDs, and all other fields shown on this page.

How to run these commands: To verify this data independently, open a terminal on your own Primecoin node and run primecoin-cli <command>. Alternatively, open the Primecoin-Qt wallet, go to Help β†’ Debug Window β†’ Console, and type the command directly. The node must be fully synced to this block height for the commands to return results.

Cross-reference on Chainz Explorer

Chainz is an independent Primecoin block explorer. Compare this block's data to verify accuracy.

View Block #645,027 on Chainz β†—
Circulating Supply:57,611,746 XPMΒ·at block #6,795,956 Β· updates every 60s
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